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| Neb English Support Class 12 |
Section 2: Literature (Short Stories)
The Half-Closed Eyes of the Buddha and the Slowly Sinking Sun Exercise | Shankar Lamichhane
The Half-Closed Eyes of the Buddha and the Slowly Sinking Sun by Shankar Lamichanne
Today I have brought the sixth short story for Class 12 in this article. Now, without delay, let’s dive into this interesting short story.
MAIN INTRODUCTION
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DETAILED SUMMARY
This short story is a fictional story because the characters, events, and storyline in this story are entirely fictitious. We can call this story an imagination-based story. Today’s interesting story is "The Half-Closed Eyes of the Buddha and the Slowly Sinking Sun", a short story written by a Nepali writer, Shankar Lamichhane. This story is about our beautiful country Nepal and it's various aspects related to it, such as history, culture, tradition, religion, geographical structure, Nepali people, and their existence.
This story was published in 1991, and it has been extracted from "Himalayan Voices: An Introduction to Nepali Literature". The translation and editing of this story were done by Michael James Hutt. He is a British citizen and a professor of Nepali and Himalayan Studies at the University of London.
TECHNIQUE
This story is presented in a narrative form. It means it is presented in a storytelling style, and it has been explained in very simple language. This story does not follow a conventional plot. It is not like a traditional story plot because, in a conventional plot, we find exposition, rising action, falling action, climax, and resolution. However, we do not find such elements in this story.
Talking about the technique of the story, we find the use of the stream-of-consciousness technique in this story because we encounter the mental thoughts and emotions of a foreign tourist and a Nepali guide in this story. Just like in a play where characters engage in continuous dialogue, in this story, we also find continuous dialogue between these two characters.
SETTING
Regarding the setting, we find settings of different places within the Kathmandu Valley in this story. As for the time period, we find a two-day time frame in this story, with both daytime and evening or night-time periods presented.
THEMES
Regarding themes, we can find various themes in this story. As main themes, we find cultural and natural beauty in this story. Themes like history, religion, coexistence, patience, culture, empathy, and beauty in simplicity are found in this text.
MORAL LESSONS
Regarding moral lessons, we can learn very useful moral lessons from reading this story, such as: The need to seek beauty and knowledge in simplicity, like in smiles and gazes.
Another lesson is that: We should embrace coexistence and patience as a path to harmony.
CHARACTERS
Talking about the characters in this story, we find two main characters.
Foreign Tourist:
The first is the foreign tourist. The foreign tourist is the main speaker in this story. He is presented as a foreign guest in Nepal, with great curiosity and knowledge about Nepal. In the story, he visits different places with the Nepali guide and expresses his knowledge and desires at these places. Toward the end of the story, we find the foreign tourist becoming very emotional.
Nepali Guide:
The second character is the Nepali guide, who is the second main speaker in the story. He is a Nepali born in Kathmandu. In the story, this guide accompanies the foreign tourist to various places, showing him new things and taking him to new locations. He listens attentively to the tourist’s knowledgeable discussions about most places. The Nepali guide also has excellent knowledge about Nepali culture, religion, art, and geography.
MAIN SUMMARY
Now let’s move toward the summary of this story.
IMPRESSION OF HAPPINESS OF THE TOURIST IN THE VALLEY OF KATHMANDU
At the beginning of the story, we find the foreign tourist extremely delighted and happy. We find him wandering joyfully in the Kathmandu Valley. He talks about being very happy experiencing the green valley, geometrically shaped green fields, houses of various colors like white, red, and yellow, the surrounding beauty, and the scent of soil and mountains in the air. He feels an age-old peacefulness in this environment. Far from modern noise and chaos, he feels a unique kind of peace in this environment, and we find him extremely delighted in the land of the Kathmandu Valley. According to the foreign tourist, the guide born in the peaceful hills of the Kathmandu Valley can feel confined in their embrace, but Westerners find peace in this enclosed landscape.
INDEBTED WEST
The foreign tourist then tells the Nepali guide that Western society is indebted to Eastern society. According to him, Western society has received many things from Eastern society. He tells the guide, “You have provided and taught us, the West, many things.” For example, Eastern society has given Western society religion, Purans, scriptures, painted brass images, ornaments made of elephant tusks, manuscripts made of palm leaves, inscriptions written on copper plates, civilization, and its knowledge, and jasmine flower garlands around the necks of Westerners, among other things. All these things have been provided by Eastern society to Western society, and Western society is indebted to Eastern society for all these things.
TOURIST'S KNOWLEDGE AND INSTRUCTION TO THE GUIDE
Now, the foreign tourist talks about his curiosity and knowledge about Nepal to the Nepali guide. He tells the guide, calling him a friend, that he has very good knowledge about Nepal. According to him, before coming to Nepal, he spent time in various libraries in his country. He says he studied the invaluable pages of books about Nepal and is now giving instructions to his guide. He says, “Look, friend, take me to every alley, take me to new places. In the present, show me everything, but for every place you take me to, I will tell you about it historically. I will share my knowledge about that place with you. You show me places in the present, and I will provide historical information about those places.” After a while, he talks about the place where Swayambhunath Temple stands now, saying that long ago, that place was entirely filled with water, with lotus flowers everywhere. He mentions that Manjushree stroke the Chobhar hill with his sword to drain the water from the Kathmandu Valley, making human settlement possible. He shares this information with the Nepali guide, saying that this land of Nepal is a very religious and sacred land. He says that in the nooks and crannies of the Kasthamandap, we find monks, and nuns. They can be seen begging for alms in alleys and corners, giving sermons, and spreading religion. This is a sacred land where religious preaching takes place. A little later, the tourist tells the guide to look at the shaven-headed monks, saying their gaze is remarkable. He says to the guide, “You cannot match your eyes with this gaze.” The tourist asks the guide if he knows the meaning of this gaze. According to the tourist, this gaze is called a Samyak gaze. It is a pure and unpolluted gaze. It is a gaze that perceives everything in its true form. Saying this, the tourist expresses that he needs another glass of drink before eating.
TOURIST PRAISES NEPALI PEOPLE AND THEIR CREATIVITY
Now, the foreign tourist praises the Nepalis and their creativity. According to him, Nepalis live in remarkable houses that are like temples. He tells the guide, “You live in a house like a temple, but you are unaware of its beauty and charm.” He says that the different wooden statues, decorations, and many styles are present here. There is the flow of music in the hand's chipsel of the artists here. Nepalis are very artistic. According to the tourist, even though Nepali youth work hard in their fields all day, they find some leisure time to create statues of their gods and goddesses. But after a moment, the tourist says that the dust of time has covered everything in the present. We find the tourist slightly disappointed when saying this.
Then, he tells a short story to the guide. The tourist says that once an artist was in the final stage of carving wooden statues. His beautiful but young wife came to him, carrying their small child on her back. She poured raksi for her husband from a jug into a glass. The foam of the raksi overflowed and congealed. He says, “I think even the foam of the raksi inspires the artist’s creativity,” and asks the guide if this is true. Then the tourist tells the guide that this is a great land. According to him, this is a country where different cultures find their homes. Aryans, non-Aryans, Hindus, and Buddhists all live together in this land. All these ethnic groups come here and are reborn. This must be the effect of this country’s soil, which has caused all these ethnic groups to flourish and grow together. Happily, the tourist expresses a desire to have another small peg of raksi, specifically Tinpani raksi, a Nepali-made raksi, before dinner, as it is not yet dinner time.
Here, Nepalis are greatly praised. According to the tourist, Nepalis are remarkable and very different from others. All Nepalis are skilled in various crafts, very creative, and artistic. Different ethnic groups live together in this land with love and harmony. Speaking of raksi, for Nepalis, a little raksi after work in the evening is also a source of inspiration.
TOURIST'S GRATITUDE FOR FOOD ITEMS
Now, the tourist tells the guide that he is indebted. He thanks the guide for Nepali and Newari foods, especially for momos, which he loves and sincerely thanks the guide for. The tourist then asks the guide to recall a scene from the winter month. There is a village house, a two-story house. There is no light on the upper floor; the light from the burning fire in the stove serves as the light for that floor, and the room is filled with smoke. Inside this room are an old grandfather and his young grandson. There is also an old woman smoking a hookah made of bamboo. The old man is telling his grandson about Nepal’s history, narrating stories about King Amshuverma and Princess Bhrikuti. This is a country where grandparents proudly tell their grandchildren about the country’s history. According to the grandfather, King Amshuverma sent his daughter, Princess Bhrikuti, to Tibet, and many things and items from Nepal went to Tibet. Tibetans learned many things, and many things came to Nepal from Tibet, which Nepalis learned. They discuss how relations with neighboring countries were during the kings’ era. An old man is telling his grandson about this history. After a while, the old woman puts fresh momos in a pot, and soon after, the old man’s daughter-in-law serves hot momos on a brass plate to the old man. While talking, the old man puts a hot momo in his mouth, unable to swallow or chew it due to the heat, and his voice stutters as he speaks. Seeing this, the grandson laughs loudly. After swallowing it, the old man curses unnecessarily. The tourist tells the Nepali guide that this scene cannot be found in any library book. The implication here is that our foreign relations with neighboring countries have been very good. We have given many things and learned many things. Elders in this land teach and tell their descendants about these things. In the end, the tourist says, “Cheers to your great country,” and drinks raksi.
TOURIST VIEWS ON SMILES
After a while, the topic of smiles comes up. According to the tourist, the smiles in this country are remarkable. These smiles are on the faces of Nepalis and are welcoming smiles. He says, “Looking at these smiles, I sometimes feel confused whether this is our first meeting, a sudden meeting, or a meeting after a long time. These smiles make me feel like I am the eldest son of a farmer here, satisfied with the fruits of my hard work in the evening, feeling very comfortable in front of my father. Looking at these smiles, it feels like the most beautiful woman in the world is my wife, following me in Nepal, with my mother standing at the door to welcome us both. It also feels like my sister’s husband is my close friend, and we are singing songs of drunkness, embracing each other, coming together. I cannot explain these smiles, no matter how hard I try. I cannot fully describe these smiles. These smiles are filled with wisdom. Speaking of smiles, these are smiles from the soul. The smiles of this land are very unique, and in the name of these sweet smiles, the tourist drinks another glass of raksi.”
TOURIST'S VIEWS ON EYES
After that, the topic of eyes comes up. The tourist calls this land a land full of eyes. According to him, he finds eyes everywhere in Nepal’s sacred land. There are eyes painted on windows, eyes drawn on doors, eyes on stupas, beautiful eyes of Nepali people, and even the Himalayas have eyes that observe small events. This is truly a land of eyes, a land protected by the half-closed eyes of Gautama Buddha. The tourist says, “Guide, look, even if all the history books in the world are destroyed, the eyes of Nepalis can create a new culture.” That culture will represent a new civilization. Then the tourist says, “My two eyes are still not satisfied.” Expressing his desires to the guide, the tourist says, “Tomorrow, I will go to a lonely place where there are stupas and pure eyes. I want to see the beautiful light of the sunset reflected in the half-closed eyes of Gautama Buddha.” Saying this, the tourist requests the guide, “Show me beautiful, perfect eyes, show me flawless eyes, friend, eyes that will make this journey unforgettable.” Then the tourist concludes, saying, “Let’s have dinner.”
GUIDE LEADS TOURIST TO CHOBAR / ADINATH TEMPLE
The next day, the Nepali guide says, “I will show you some eyes,” and takes the tourist along. That day, the guide takes the tourist to Chobhar. There, they discuss Manjushree’s contribution and the drainage of the Bagmati River. The guide tells the tourist that the culture in our country is still alive, and the dust of time has not covered the past culture. He shows the tourist an ancient rock where a village artist has carved images of birds. Then the guide takes the tourist up the hill to the Adinath Temple located in the middle of the village. In the temple courtyard, there is a statue of Lord Shiva, numerous Buddha statues, and many prayer wheels inscribed with "Om Mani Padme Hum". Here, the guide tells the tourist, “You call it the patience and coexistence of Nepalis, but today I want to show you something different, and I am fully confident that you will find the pulse of reality there.” After a while, the guide takes the tourist to a poor farmer’s house in the village. The Nepali guide introduces the tourist as a doctor. Hearing “doctor,” the farmer’s family becomes very happy. A spark of hope, gratitude, and affection shines in their eyes. In the poor farmer’s house, there are two small children. The elder child, the farmer’s son, is in a very pitiful condition. This small boy had polio when he was young. He is afflicted by polio, and his body is lifeless. He cannot speak, move his hands or legs, chew food, swallow, or spit. The only thing alive in his entire body is his open eyes. Then the guide shows the tourist the boy’s younger sister. The younger sister is in very good condition. Every part of her body functions well. She can speak, crawl, and move her body parts freely. Seeing the contrast between the two children, the tourist becomes very emotional. In the end, the guide explains the emotions, desires, and language of eyes. He gives the example of the boy and his sister, explaining the differences between various types of eyes, their value, importance, and the hidden meanings behind different perspectives. Thus, this story begins with dialogue and ends with dialogue, and throughout the text, we learn about the beautiful country of Nepal, Nepali people, and their existence.
SHORT SUMMARY
The tourist feels extremely grateful to the country of Nepal and its people because he experiences the real things in front of his eyes, away from bookish words. He feels good about the sweet smiles of Nepali people wherever he goes. Later, he appreciates the different eyes of Nepal and refers to the land of Nepal as the land of eyes.
The tourist desires to go to lonely places to see the stupa's clear eyes, where he wants to see the pleasant light of sunset reflected in the eyes of the Buddha. He asks the guide to show him beautiful, full eyes - eyes without equals - whose memory will make his journey unforgettable.
To fulfil the tourist's desire, the guide takes the tourist to Chobar, a remote village. The guide shows him the cleft, which was made by Manjushri with his sword to let the water of the Bagmati river out of Kathmandu valley. He takes him to the sacred temple of Adinath, where the tourist realises the power of Nepalese tolerance and coexistence.
Finally, the guide takes him to a poor farmer's house, where the tourist meets an innocent village couple. The guide sees a paralysed boy whose body is affected by polio. The boy's body is useless. He isn't able to speak, move his hands, chew his food or even spit. The guide introduces the tourist as a doctor to the village couple. The guide tells the tourist about the deep faith, intimacy, kindliness and gratitude in the couple's eyes. He even shows him the boy's sister, whose body functions properly. They discuss various issues regarding the different kinds of eyes of people from different places. They try to connect different eyes' hidden meanings according to different situations, places and people.
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SHORT STORIES CLASS 12 ENGLISH IMPORTANT QUESTIONS' SOLUTION PACK
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
The Half-Closed Eyes of the Buddha and the Slowly Sinking Sun
"The Half-Closed Eyes of the Buddha and the Slowly Sinking Sun" Exercise.
Discuss the following questions
a. What does a Nepali tourist guide think about foreign tourists?
Answer:
A Nepali tourist guide thinks well of foreign tourists. He or she welcomes foreign tourists warmly because he or she knows the value of foreign tourists in our country. He or she treats them in very splendid ways.
b. What do common Nepali people think of a fair-skinned foreigner?
Answer:
Common Nepali people also think well of a fair-skinned foreigner. They try their best to welcome him or her with their welcoming smiles and proper hospitality. They treat fair-skinned foreigners not only as guests but also as gods.
c. Why do you think foreign tourists visit Nepal?
Answer:
I think foreign tourists visit Nepal because they have known about the popularity of this country through various means. Foreign tourists like places of cultural heritage and different geographical locations. They want to spend their time learning and enjoying the aesthetics of ancient as well as peaceful places. In Nepal, they can get a chance to visit their favourite places.
UNDERSTANDING THE TEXT
Answer the following questions.
a. How does the tourist describe his initial impression of the Kathmandu Valley?
Answer:
The tourist describes his initial impression of the Kathmandu valley in a very joyful mood. He describes the aesthetic beauty of the green valley with its geometric fields, the different colours of the houses, and the scent of soil and mountains in the air. He feels an age-old peacefulness in the atmosphere of Kathmandu Valley. He enjoys the tranquil environment a lot.
b. According to the tourist, why is the West indebted to the East?
Answer:
According to the tourist, the West is indebted to the East because the East has contributed a lot to the West. He says that the East has provided the West with many wonderful things, such as the Purans, civilization, images of brass and ornaments of ivory, palm leaf manuscripts, copperplate's inscriptions etc.
c. How does the tourist interpret the gaze of the monks and nuns?
Answer:
The tourist interprets the gaze of the monks and nuns through his experiences of learning. He refers to the gaze of the monks and nuns as the "samyak gaze", a gaze of purity that perceives everything in its true form.
d. Why do the tourists think Nepali people are wonderful and exceptional?
Answer:
The tourists think Nepali people are wonderful and exceptional because they have found manners as well as creative abilities within them. They feel happy to find Nepalese creativity in the different temples - like houses, wooden images, ornamentation, beautiful images of deities, traditional musical instruments etc. Apart from all these, they prefer Nepalese people's hospitality.
e. What are the different kinds of communities in the Kathmandu Valley and how do they co-exist with each other?
Answer:
The different kinds of communities in the Kathmandu valley are Aryans, non-Aryans, Hindus and Buddhists. They co-exist with each other by living a peaceful, harmonious life for ages.
f. What does the tourist feel about the temple of Adinath?
Answer:
The tourist feels great about the temple of Adinath. He believes that the temple of Adinath is a living example of Nepalese people's tolerance and coexistence.
g. Why does the guide take the tourist to the remote village?
Answer:
The guide takes the tourist to a remote village to show him the pulse of reality. He wants to show him poverty, hard labour, a miserable lifestyle and the reality behind the eyes of the poor.
h. What does the innocent village couple think of the doctor?
Answer:
The innocent village couple thinks of the doctor as the ray of hope for their miserable state. Their son's is affected by polio. Their eyes seem quite optimistic after meeting him. There is intimacy, kindliness and gratitude on their faces about him.
i. What are the differences between the paralyzed child and his sister?
Answer:
The differences between the paralysed child and his sister are as follows:
▪︎ The paralysed child is affected by polio, whereas his sister is living a disease-free life.
The paralysed child has a useless body. He is unable to speak, move his hands, chew his food or even spit. Among his other body parts, his eyes are the only living parts of his body. But his sister is a fine girl whose body functions properly. She can speak, crawl and move her body freely.
j. Why does the guide show the instances of poverty to the tourist?
Answer:
The guide shows the instances of poverty to the tourist to make him realise the pulse of reality behind poor people's eyes. He wants to show him poverty, hard labour, a miserable lifestyle and the reality behind the eyes of the poor. The guide wants him to know the bitter reality of people in remote areas of Nepal.
REFERENCE TO THE CONTEXT
a. Which narrative technique is used by the author to tell the story? How is this story different from other stories you have read?
Answer:
To tell the story, the stream-of-consciousness technique is used by the author. The use of the stream-of-consciousness technique itself has made this story different from other stories I have read.
Stream of consciousness is a style or technique of writing that tries to capture the natural flow of a character's extended thought process, often by including sensory impressions, incomplete ideas, unusual syntax and rough grammar.
The other stories that I have read have simple narrative forms. They are quite easy to understand. Most of the stories are guided by the first-person narrator. The narrators narrate the stories in a very easy way, describing the expositions, rising actions, falling actions or the climax of the stories. It is easy to grasp the meanings of the stories along with different events and thematic concerns.
But this story is told using the monologues of two different characters from two different places. This story is different from the conventional form because the stream-of-consciousness technique of the story has provided us with the flow of different feelings of the characters, which has created difficulties in grasping the meaning of the story. These characters keep on expressing their views through their dialogues rather than presenting their actions or events. Both characters in the story keep on expressing their feelings in a stream-of-consciousness way. As a reader, it is difficult to grasp the proper idea of the particular character. The story moves along with the flow of speeches by the characters, using a variety of topics. Here in this story, we find the use of sensory impressions, incomplete ideas of the characters, their unusual syntax and rough grammar many times.
b. How is the author able to integrate two fragments of the narration into a unified whole?
Answer:
The author is able to integrate two fragments of the narration into a unified whole by trying to connect the different examples regarding the term "eyes" and relating it to the different aspects of this world.
The author has tried his best to present a unified whole by presenting instances of events that usually happen in communities, activities that people from different places do, hardships that people face, diseases that people suffer from etc. He associates all these examples with a whole concept to present different meanings regarding life on this planet.
The author has perfectly used the technique of stream of consciousness to present his main message to all. For him, it is necessary to know deeply about all these different kinds of eyes and their different looks' meanings. He has combined the meanings of different places, presenting the situations of the particular place.
c. The author brings some historical and legendary references in the story. Collect these references and show their significance in the story.
Answer:
The author brings some historical and legendary references to the story. Following are some of these references and their significance in the story:
Manjushri and his deeds:
The text has presented the contribution of Manjushri to all the people. He had made a cleft in Chobhar with his sword to let out the water of the Bagmati River from Kathmandu Valley and create a fine environment for the people to start their settlement over there.
Rich culture, tradition and art crafts:
The text has mentioned various important things from the East regarding the Puranas, depictions of brass and ivory ornaments, palm-leaf manuscripts and copperplate inscriptions and traditional musical instruments. All these things demonstrate that the Nepalese people are rich in culture, traditions, religions and art crafts.
The eyes and gaze of the shaven-headed monks and nuns:
These shaven-headed monks and nuns have been mentioned with their eyes and their gaze. Their gaze has been referred to as 'the samyak gaze'. This gaze has been presented as a gaze of purity that perceives everything in its true form.
Historical relationships:
The text has mentioned the history of King Amshuvarma and Princess Bhirkuti. Princess Bhirkuti in the neighbouring country of Tibet shows the fine historical relationships of our royal people.
The temple of Adinath:
The text has mentioned the historical as well as the religious temple of Adinath. This temple has represented the concept of a living example of Nepalese people's tolerance and coexistence.
The half-closed eyes of the Buddha and the reflection of the sunset in the Buddha's eyes:
The concept of the half-closed eyes of the Buddha and the sinking sun's reflection in the Buddha's eyes have presented various concepts regarding Nepal and its people. They represent hope, security, peace, harmony, beauty, sentiments etc.
d. The author talks about the eyes in many places: the eyes of the shaven monks and nuns, eyes in the window and door panels, the eyes of the Himalayas, the eyes of the paralyzed boy, the eyes of the welcoming villagers and above all the half-closed eyes of the Buddha. Explain how all the instances of eyes contribute to the overall unity of the story.
Answer:
In this story, the author talks about the eyes in many places. He has mentioned the eyes of the shaven-headed monks and nuns in the text and referred to them as "samyak gaze", which means a gaze of purity that perceives everything in its true form. Next, he has mentioned the eyes in the window and door panels, the eyes of the Himalayas, the eyes of the paralysed boy, the eyes of the welcoming villagers, and most importantly, the half-closed eyes of the Buddha.
Here, all the instances of eyes contribute to the overall unity of the story. These instances of eyes represent the whole country of Nepal as a land of eyes that has been guarded by the half-closed eyes of the Buddha. These eyes always display a new culture, civilization, religion, natural beauty and the land of Buddha. These eyes display the immense feelings of the people. Both characters of the story also find the meaning of the concepts of eyes through their eyes' discussion.
REFERENCE BEYOND THE TEXT
a. Write an essay on Living Proximity to Nature.
Answer:
Living Proximity to Nature
Living proximity to nature refers to living a life close to nature. Nature is one of the most vital aspects of human life. Nature is so great and beyond human imagination. There is nothing more powerful than nature. It is the main source of human beings' survival. Nature should be respected all the time because life on this planet is possible due to this incredible nature. Nature never demands anything from humans. It only knows how to provide different things to others. Nature nourishes life from all sides.
We are always close to nature. Our whole life depends on living in proximity to nature. It allows us to do various important things for our survival. For all of us, nature is the main source from which we get various essential things. It provides us with the resources to live here. Nature provides us with water to drink, pure oxygen to breathe, food to eat, land to live on etc. Furthermore, all kinds of animals, plants, birds etc. depend on this nature.
Being close to nature is beneficial for a good life. Nature must be fully enjoyed by all living creatures without disturbing its ecological balance. Nature must be taken care properly and prevented from destruction so that we can enjoy it forever.
Nature is a most precious gift provided by God to us to enjoy but not to harm. Nature is the most beautiful part of our lives, which has made us happy and allowed our natural environment to live healthily. Living in proximity to nature allows us to live a long and healthy life. We should always try to conserve this beautiful nature for our healthy future.
b. The story talks about ethnic/religious co-existence of different communities in Nepal, where the Buddhists and the Hindus and the Aryans and non-Aryans have communal harmony for ages. In your view, how have the Nepali people been able to live in such harmony?
Answer:
In my view, Nepali people have been able to live in such communal harmony for ages with the help of various factors. Among these factors, the long-term harmonious relationship between the people is the prime one. Nepali people are connected due to their long-time fine relationships. The other factors are the history of the country and the feeling of patriotism among Nepali people, their connection to their culture and tradition, their religious and ritual bonding and so on. Nepal is a small and beautiful country where we can find the concept of Nepali identity among people. People have been living peacefully and harmoniously with the feelings of brotherhood for ages. They always try to involve themselves in each other's joys and sorrows. They are seen in each other's celebrations. We can find fine cooperation among Nepali people. They are deeply connected, both culturally and traditionally. From ancient times up until now, Nepali people have been known for their unity and harmony. They are considered for their peaceful existence.
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