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| Neb English Support Class 12 |
Unit 20 Power and Politics Class 12 | Language Development An Open Letter to Marray Daly | Compulsory English by Suraj Bhatt
Unit 20: Power and Politics [An Open Letter to Marray Daly]
BEFORE YOU READ
a. What do you know about these female leaders in the pictures?
Answer:
I know the following things about these female leaders in the pictures:
The first picture is of Pratibha Devisingh Patil. Pratibha Devisingh Patil (born December 19, 1934) is an Indian politician and lawyer who served as the 12th President of India from July 25, 2007 to July 2012.
The second picture is of Aung San Suu Kyi. Aung San Suu Kyi (born June 19, 1945, in Yangon, Burma) is a human rights activist, Nobel Peace Prize laureate, and State Counsellor of Myanmar. Suu Kyi could not become president. Instead, she became the State Counsellor of Myanmar. She is the leader of the National League for Democracy in Burma and a well-known prisoner.
The third picture is of Tsai Ing-wen. Tsai Ing-wen is a Taiwanese politician and academic who has served as the president of Taiwan since 2016. A member of the Democratic Progressive Party, Tsai is the first female president of Taiwan. She has served as Chair of the DPP since 2020, and previously from 2008 to 2012 and 2014 to 2018.
b. How did they establish them as a leader?
Answer:
They established themselves as leaders by showing their hard dedication towards their nations and people. Their continuous devotions, sacrifices, determinations, modern as well as revolutionary thoughts, etc. made them the leaders.
WORKING WITH WORDS
A. Find the words from the text for these meanings. The first letters have been given for you.
a. r………….unwillingness or disinclination to do something
》reluctance
b. r………….preventing the expression or awareness of thoughts or desires
》repressive
c. m………...the infliction of serious damage on something
》mutilation
d. g………...restricted to an isolated or segregated place, group, or situation
》ghettoized
e. h………...history viewed from a female or specifically feminist perspective
》history feminst
f. g………...relating to the human or animal reproductive organs
》genital
g. h………...surgical operations to remove all or part of the uterus
》hysterectomies
h. p………...obsessively anxious, suspicious, or mistrustful
》paranoid
i. e………...thrusting forward of abdominal organs through the abdominal wall
》enventration
B. Complete the chart.
Answer:
Verb Noun Adjective
commit commitment committed
nurture nurturance nurturable
legitimatee legitimization legitimize
oppress oppression oppressive
defense defensiveness defensive
victimize victimization victimized
C. Consult a dictionary and define these terms.
racism, lesbian, radical, feminist, patriarchy
Answer:
racism 》belief that there are distinct human races with inherent differences which determine their abilities, and generally that some are superior and others
lesbian 》(of a woman) homosexual, gay; preferring mostly or exclusively women as romantic or sexual partners.
radical 》favoring fundamental change, or change at the root cause of a matter.
feminist 》relating to or in accordance with feminism.
patriarchy 》a social system in which the father is head of the household, having authority over women and children, and in which lineage is traced through the male line.
D. Underline the consonant clusters in the following sentences.
a. Fluffy went flip-flop all over the floor.
b. The whites sing a song about the striking stars.
c. Here are some flowers and a flask of tea of your favourite flavour.
d. Smita fell ill with flu.
e. My friend is frightened of frogs.
f. Thumbelina stumbled out of the green bush.
g. She heard a rumble and a cry.
h. ‘Climb up’, said Tom.
i. Freedom needs to be strived for.
j. Children were munching crunchy French fries
Answer:
a. Fluffy went flip-flop all over the floor.
b. The whites sing a song about the striking stars.
c. Here are some flowers and a flask of tea of your favourite flavour.
d. Smita fell ill with flu.
e. My friend is frightened of frogs.
f. Thumbelina stumbled out of the green bush.
g. She heard a rumble and a cry.
h. ‘Climb up’, said Tom.
i. Freedom needs to be strived for.
j. Children were munching crunchy French fries.
COMPREHENSION
Answer the following questions.
a. Why does Audre Lorde think that Mary got a sort of victory in the University of Boston?
Answer:
Audre Lorde thought that Mary got a sort of victory at the University of Boston because she was so glad to find many women attending the speak-out, and the show of joined power would provide more space for them to grow and be within.
b. Why is Lorde thankful to Mary?
Answer:
Lorde is thankful to Mary because Mary has provided her with Gyn/Ecology, a book that is full of import, useful, generative, and provoking. The book is strengthening and helpful for her.
c. What impression has the writer had about the way white women looked upon black women?
Answer:
The writer has had a very bad impression about the way white women looked upon black women. According to her, the white women were unable to hear black women's words or to maintain dialogue with the black women. The act of white women is long and discouraging for her.
d. Why did Mary not cast black women as goddesses in her book according to Lorde?
Answer:
According to Lorde, Mary didn't cast black women as goddesses in her book because she had made a conscious decision to limit her scope and deal only with the ecology of Western European women.
e. Why did Lorde think that she misused her words?
Answer:
Lorde thought that she misused her words because she utilised her words only to testify against Lorde as a woman of colour.
f. For Lorde, how were women, especially from the black community, undervalued?
Answer:
For Lorde, women, especially those from the black community, were undervalued as they were ghettoised by a white woman, dealing only out of a patriarchal western European frame of reference.
g. How does Mary take white women as? Does Lorde agree with Mary’s view?
Answer:
Mary takes white women as superior to non-white women. According to her, the herstory and the myth of white women are the legitimate and sole herstory and myth of all women to call upon for power and background, and that nonwhite women and their herstories are noteworthy only as decorations or examples of female victimization. Lorde does not agree with Mary's view because she does not support her view. Mary has shown the supremacy of white feminism over black feminism in her views, presenting blacks as decorative and useful things and ignoring their pain and oppression.
h. What is Afrekete? How does it connect to this lesson?
Answer:
Afrekete is the collective voice of the tradition of black lesbian writing. It connects to this lesson, "An Open Letter to Mary Daly," as the author wants to connect all the black women in the arena of black writing.
CRITICAL THINKING
a. "The oppression of women knows no ethnic or racial boundaries." Do you agree or not? Justify with your reasons.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement. Women are one of the most oppressed groups of people among all civilizations and nations in the world.
Women in this world have been oppressed for ages. They have been treated in a very unjust way in this world. Patriarchal norms and values have trapped them from ancient times up until now. Throughout history, women have been belittled, abused, and discriminated against. They have been second-class citizens and seen as objects through almost all civilizations and throughout most of human history. The ideology behind these views has been challenged, but still, women all around the world have continued to be oppressed and silenced as a result of practices in today’s societies that perpetuate the oppression of women and the continuation of gender-based violence and discrimination. Ending these practices is key to the end of gender-based discrimination, as the control and silencing of women cannot happen otherwise. In many developing nations, the oppression of women is continued due to many cultural traditions that have the effect of limiting a girl’s autonomy and agency, even before adulthood.
Due to all these things, women have been suffering a lot. Their oppression knows no ethnic or racial boundaries. They have been victims for ages. Their oppression is beyond any reason. They have been oppressed without any reason in patriarchal societies.
b. Why is it important to question our beliefs and values? How are they set up in a person’s mind?
Answer:
Our beliefs and values are the aspects that we feel strongly about in our lives. These aspects guide us in our daily lives and are very closely linked to our morals and values.
It is important to question our beliefs and values because these aspects of our beliefs and values are based not on facts but on our opinions. These have been directing our lives since ancient times. We are actually quite far from the facts behind our beliefs and values.
Our beliefs and values are not fully formal. If we talk about our religious aspects and their related activities, we find ourselves perplexed. We are quite unsure about the religious aspects of what we believe to be right or wrong.
These beliefs and values are set up in a person's mind in a very strong way. These aspects determine a person's overall activities in his or her life. He or she doesn't want to go against all these aspects, no matter if he or she knows the facts or not. These aspects have made him or her quite one-sided and become part of his or her identity. The person always seems trapped within these aspects of beliefs and values.
WRITING
A. Have you ever faced or witnessed cases of racial or sexual discrimination? Write a short account.
Answer:
Yes, I have witnessed a case of sexual discrimination in one of the villages in Nepal. Once, I went to my friend's village to spend my winter vacation. There, I saw a woman in a very miserable state. The woman's condition was so bad. She was being beaten mercilessly by the males of that village. When I asked my friend Ramesh about that incident, he explained about witchcraft and its related punishment. I was thoroughly shocked to hear his words, though he was an educated guy of the present time. The people of his village were so conservative and believed in the nonsensical concept of witchcraft. The woman kept on begging for her life, but the men kept on beating her mercilessly. When I tried to stop them, they even started threatening me. They warned me not to interfere in their matter. I felt so bad for that woman. The incident that I saw was illegal and inhuman. I asked my friend Ramesh to stop the people from beating her, but Ramesh advised me to get out of their way. The cry of the woman made me feel so angry against the villagers. I started objecting to them again, but they didn't stop their cruelty. Finally, I warned them to call the police. When they heard about the police, they stopped beating that woman and stepped backward. I moved towards that woman and took her to the health post for her treatment.
Gender discrimination in Nepali society is still prevalent. Women are misbehaved, humiliated, dominated, and blamed for various nonsensical concepts. The government of Nepal should think about this problem as soon as possible and try its best to root out such discrimination against women.
B. Write an article for a national daily on "The Status of Women in Nepali Society."
Answer:
The Status of Women in Nepali Society
Kantipur Post
2021-8-24
The status of women in Nepali society is not satisfactory. They have not been considered as capable as males. Most of the women, especially in village areas, are not educated. Education determines what position women have in society.
Education helps them come out of their houses and enjoy the outside world. But unfortunately, education has been one of the obstacles to their coming out.
In this way, they have been compelled to stay in their own houses while doing their household work. They have to look after their children. They have to obey their husbands. They are not free to go anywhere. They can go out only after getting permission from their husbands. Our society is male-dominated. So, men consider themselves superior in every society. Women are supposed to carry every order given by their husbands. Because of those concepts, our society is still lagging. Nowadays, people have started to realise that both males and females are equal. They should be educated as males. A country can't be developed without the active participation of the women, who have occupied fifty percent of the total population. They should be respected. After the restoration of democracy, women have almost equal rights as men. They have started to be active in every field. We all should join hands to make our society prosperous by giving them an equal share in every field.
GRAMMAR
Adjective Order
A. Study the following qualifiers used with the word ‘house.’
A house
A large house
A large white house
A large old white house
A beautiful large old white house A beautiful large old rectangular white house
B. Choose the correct alternative.
a. an old foreign car/a foreign old car
》an old foreign car
b. a beautiful white dress/ a white beautiful dress
》a beautiful white dress
c. a nice tall young man/a tall nice young man
》 a nice tall young man
d. a big black wooden desk/ a black wooden big desk
》a big black wooden desk
e. a delicious Italian pizza/ an Italian delicious pizza
》 a delicious Italian pizza
f. a huge brown bear/a brown huge bear
》a huge brown bear
g. a purple cotton sleeping bag/ a cotton purple sleeping bag
》a purple cotton sleeping bag
h. a beautiful old Indian village/an old beautiful Indian village
》an old beautiful Indian village
i. a cute little kitten/ a little cute kitten
》a cute little kitten
j. an expensive antique /an antique expensive table
》an antique expensive table
C. Put the adjectives in the following sentences in the correct order.
a. I bought (red/ a /comfortable/new) scooter.
》I bought a comfortable new scooter.
b. She reached home and sat on (relaxing/old/her/wooden) chair.
》She reached home and sat on her old relaxing wooden chair.
c. We ate (Chinese/delicious/some) food.
》we ate some delicious Chinese food.
d. I need (golden/delicious/some/round) apples.
》I need some delicious round golden apples.
e. We like to live in a (calm/unmediated/remote) place for some time.
》We like to live in a calm unmediated remote place for some time.
f. She is wearing (silver/beautiful / a(n)/ old) ring.
》She is wearing an old beautiful silver ring.
g. I am looking for (golden/stylish/a/Japanese) watch.
》I am looking for a stylish Japanese golden watch.
h. She dropped (old/china/attractive/a(n)) cup and smashed it.
》She dropped an old attractive China cup and smashed it.
i. He wants to marry (young/pretty/educated/a(n)/rustic) girl.
》He wants to marry a pretty young educated rustic girl.
j. We stayed in a (luxurious/five star/new) hotel in Dubai.
》We stayed in a new luxurious five-star hotel in Dubai.
SPEAKING
Denying
A. Study the following pieces of conversation and practise how to deny in specific situations.
a. An old man is trying to get his heavy bag down from the rack on a train.
A: Would you like me to help you?
B: Thank you for your trouble, but I can manage things.
b. After a meeting your boss offers you to drive home, but your friend is picking you up in about 5 minutes.
Boss: Shall I drive you back home?
You: That’s extremely kind of you, but I’m expecting Subash.
c. A student is talking with his teacher.
Student: Madam, can I request you for a thing?
Teacher: Of course, what’s that?
Student: Will you please come to my home on Saturday? We’re having a big party.
Teacher: What a splendid idea! Thank you. But, I can’t because I have to go to Pyuthan on Friday.
B. Study some useful expressions for denying.
No, thank you.
No, really, I can manage. Thanks.
No, it’s all alright, really.
No, don’t bother, really.
Thank you for offering, but……......
Nice thought, but………………….
Please don’t trouble yourself about…
I’m afraid I find myself unable to accept your invitation.
C. Work in pairs. Have conversations in the following situations.
a. You are invited for dinner by your close friend, but you are very busy and cannot attend it.
Friend: Would you like to have dinner with me?
I: Thanks for your kind invitation, but I have to go to my uncle's house tonight.
b. Somebody offers you a long trip but you are not interested in it.
A: Hi! I would like to ask you for something.
I: Of course. What's that?
A: I would like to offer you a long trip.
I: That's extremely kind of you, but I'm quite busy with my project work.
c. A friend offers to post a letter for you, but you can quite easily do it yourself.
A: Would you like me to post a letter for you?
I: Thank you for your trouble, but I can manage myself.
d. You are at a party given by an important person. Now it has become very late at night and the host offers you a bed for the night. But you feel you must go home.
Host: Would you mind sleeping here tonight? It's too late.
I: Thank you for offering, but I have to go home. Everyone is waiting for me.
e. You and your parent are at the cinema. It is full inside except for the two seats on either side of an old lady. The lady offers to move so that you may sit together.
Lady: Would you like me to move from this seat?
I: Please don’t trouble yourself about us. We'll manage.
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When will post grammar note sir?
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